Resumen:
Las tendencias recientes en el funcionamiento de cadenas globales de valor (CGV) conllevan una distribución cada vez más asimétrica de los beneficios resultantes del comercio tanto en términos de los países participantes como en los de las diferentes capas de trabajadores empleados. A partir del uso de matrices insumo-producto globales y contabilizando el comercio en valor agregado, este trabajo propone una metodología para calcular las horas trabajadas y las remuneraciones pagadas contenidas en las exportaciones, por país de origen y nivel de calificación laboral. En el caso del comercio de manufacturas entre Estados Unidos (E.U.) y México, se encuentra que, en poder adquisitivo, las remuneraciones adicionales pagadas en E.U, a raíz del establecimiento del TLCAN, son superiores a las mexicanas, a pesar de que, en México, la cantidad de horas trabajadas adicionales fue 7 veces mayor. Lo anterior, como consecuencia de la ampliación de las brechas entre los socios, en niveles salariales y en las estructuras del empleo por nivel de calificación. En el caso de E.U., los resultados ratifican la pérdida de puestos de trabajo asociada al comercio de manufacturas con México después de 2001, pero con una mejora en la estructura de estos empleos por nivel de calificación. A manera de conclusión, la tendencia a la sustitución de trabajo de baja calificación, por sistemas de producción de mayor contenido en capital, en el seno de CGV, se da en detrimento de los ingresos tanto de países en desarrollo como de los trabajadores de escasa calificación.
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